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Saturday, January 28, 2012

Why Choose Electric Pressure Washers

Commercial and industrial users alike often face a variety of indoor pressure washing applications. After all, the facilities in which these users work and operate must be cleaned. However, many pressure washers on the market are not ideal for indoor applications.

Gas pressure washers afford users immense power and mobility as a result of a robust gasoline engine capable of being operated far from an electrical supply. However, gas pressure washers are also incredibly noisy and produce exhaust. This noise and air pollution makes pressure washing machines powered by gas not well suited for the indoor environment.

A much quieter and safer alternative is pressure washing equipment powered by electricity. These machines can generate the same cold water, hot water, or steam heating options and high pressure levels and flow rates as gas powered units without the added noise. In fact, electric pressure washers can even be used in schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and more for a wide variety of pressure washing tasks. In many cases, in facilities where the level of noise must be considered, these tasks would remain incomplete if gas powered systems were the only option.

Electric powered, industrial pressure washers offer an additional benefit – they produce no harmful exhaust. They can be used inside virtually any commercial or industrial facility without harming the indoor air quality or endangering the health of users, employees, or customers.

Even though these electric machines are less noisy and produce no exhaust, they still pack quite a punch when it comes to getting the pressure washing job done. Like all pressure washing equipment, temperature options available with these units include cold water, hot water, and steam. Cold water pressure washers are ideal for lighter applications, but prove to be inefficient for heavier degreasing applications.

For more challenging tasks, heated pressure washers are required. Hot water models are capable of reaching up to 210°F to dissolve substances and render them easy to blast away with the highly pressurized water. Steam pressure washers offer even greater power, capable of reaching temperatures up to 330°F. These machines sanitize and disinfect while cleaning to greatly speed up the process. This results in the cleanest environment for virtually any commercial or industrial application.

Indoor operators of pressure washers aren’t limited when it comes to features either. Wet sandblaster pressure washers can be purchased in electric configurations for the removal of rust, corrosion, and other heavy deposits on metal surfaces indoors. Machines can also be purchased with an additional acid-feed or phosphatizing feature to pre-treat metal surfaces before the user applies paint primer or powder coating.

When comparing models, make sure to shop at a supplier offering a wide variety of choices to ensure you find the right machine to suit your needs, no matter what the application.

Electric Hot Water Cylinder Boils Water Automatically Without Fuel

Most homes in New Zealand use stored hot water. The typical way to store hot water is through the usage of a copper cylinder, with the preferred location being a cupboard which has ventilation.


When purchasing a new hot water cylinder it is always a good idea to buy one that is pre-insulated, it will be somewhat more costly but it proves its value in the long run. These types of cylinders use two different methods for heating the water. The electric hot water cylinder uses an electric immersion heater.


The other option is by using a heat exchanger which is supplied through a hot water boiler. The immersion heater option of heating is quick but it is costly as compared to the boiler option. This is also called an electric hot water cylinder system. The cheapest and the best option are to use the heat exchanger that heats the water in the container.


Hot water is routed through coils located within this type of cylinder, which does the job of heating the water. This system has a separate tank which is usually placed in the attic. Nowadays, most of these types of cylinders have both the immersion heater and the heat exchanger option and it is the best option to have both.


This ensures that the hot water is provided by the boiler most of the time and the immersion heater work as a backup in case of failure of the boiler. A solar hot water cylinder system can be used to save energy bills. Low pressure hot water cylinders are offered in a range of sizes, from 15 liters for to 350 liters which is sufficient for a family of six.


The advantage of a these types of cylinder is that it is cost-effective and helps reduce energy costs. The main disadvantage is that it does not provide an equal pressure in the shower and other places where it is being used.


It also is not at its optimum performance with modern sanitary fittings. These systems are used in most households. They can only withstand a limited amount of pressure.

What Is Needed For Proper Ventilation Of A Roof

It is extremely important to perform regular maintenance to your roof. Doing so will increase your roof’s lifespan and minimize the risk of damage as a result of bad weather. The roof is the part of a house that is exposed the most to the outside elements – from harsh winter conditions to extremely high temperatures.

You must take special care of your roof so that it can survive through all types of weather without suffering any damage. Unfortunately, most homeowners tend to neglect their roofs. A ventilation system for the roof is the most important factor in ensuring a long life for your roof. If you ensure a quality ventilation system and properly maintain your roof on a regular basis, your roof’s lifespan will be increased by about 25%.

What does a roofing ventilation system do? It creates cross-ventilation by making sure there is enough air coming in and going out. This results in a tolerable roof temperature, as well as protects the roof construction materials from getting too hot.

A good ventilation system for your roof will have an air intake hose along with an exhaust hose. This system works to provide adequate ventilation of air both within the roof and under it. The external air will cool the area around the roof while maintaining an internal temperature that will not get hotter than the outside air. The warm air rises in this system and then the colder external air sucks out the excess heat from under the sheeting as it leaves the exhaust hose.

The size, shape and materials used in building the roof in the first place will govern which ventilation system is right for you. A ventilation system uses vents and hoses in the roof to create a balance in the flow of air both under and over the roof. Approximately one square foot of venting per 250-300 cubic feet of air in the area just under the roof is needed to ensure that the air is balanced.

This also requires a certain number of vents in the roof, which can be static open units, turbine units, thermostatically operated units, or electronic units. The type of vent you use is dependent upon your roof size and how much money you have to spend.

You should have a roofing professional inspect your roof and recommend a ventilation system that would be best for you.

Everything You Should Know About Electric Pressure Washers

When trying to decide on the right kind of electric pressure washer to invest in, there is one question that will inevitably come up; what are the advantages and disadvantages of these kinds of pressure washing machines? With so many gas- and diesel-powered machines in the market, it can be hard to decide which machine is best for you. Before you buy your pressure washing equipment, it’s best to understand what the pros and cons of electrical pressure washing units are.

Indoor Versus Outdoor

It’s true that many people prefer to invest in pressure washers that are powered by gas or other fuels. One of the biggest reasons for this is the portability factor. These kinds of pressure washers are ideal for cleaning large industrial areas, particularly outdoors. Powered by gasoline, propane, or diesel, these machines can be used in exterior environments where an electrical outlet is not available. However, they can also be very noisy, and as a result, are not suitable for indoor cleaning jobs. These pressure washers can also create a lot of exhaust fumes, which may be tolerable outdoors but can be harmful when used indoors.

Conversely, electric pressure washers do not create any kind of fumes, making them ideal machines for cleaning places like hospitals, hotels, schools, and nursing homes. Electrically powered machines make relatively less noise as well.

In terms of power, gas-powered pressure washing machines are generally seen to be more powerful. However, electric pressure washing machines can still maintain high flow rates, high pressure levels, and high temperatures as needed for heavy-duty, interior commercial and industrial applications.

The fact that they require a power cord can be inconvenient, especially for cleaning projects that cover a big area. This means that these machines can’t be used in places where electrical sockets are not easily accessible. Reputable suppliers will offer longer hoses to make these machines more suitable to larger applications.

Maintenance and Managing

Electric pressure washing units are generally easier to maintain than other machines. They pose less hazards and are also much lighter, making them easier to operate. This kind of equipment also comes in a wide range of different pressure and flow rates and temperature options. As such, electric pressure washers offer ample power for tackling cleaning projects that require hot water or even steam-cleaning capabilities. Today, many electrically-powered pressure washing systems are powerful enough to tackle the rigors of different commercial and industrial cleaning jobs. They are also ideal for lighter cleaning projects.

Another thing to consider is that though the use of electric pressure washers have the inconvenience of being tethered to an electrical supply, they offer a number of extra features. Advanced technologies, like auto shut down, will allow for extended use while reducing the wear and tear on the machine’s components. A number of units offer multi-gun operation and a wet sandblasting kit as well. For greater versatility, many machines are also compatible with different optional heating methods.

When it comes to disadvantages, the two main drawbacks of electric pressure washers are the fact that they are less powerful than gas-powered models and they have the inconvenience of the power cord, making them less mobile. However, they offer a range of considerable advantages. These machines can safely be used indoors without the bother of exhaust fumes or high noise levels. They are also easier to maintain and safer to use.

Sunday, January 15, 2012

Electrical Engineering Projects

  1. Mobile technology (GSM) based remote monitoring and control of digital Energy meter. Useful for Electricity Department personal for remote meter reading. Also useful to disconnect the power supply to consumer in case of non-payment of electric bill. This is also used to exchange messages like power cut timings with the consumers.

  2. Multiple Transformers oil temperature monitoring with automatic circuit breaker operation with SMS based alerts.

  3. Wireless Energy Meter reading on hand-help device based on RF Transceiver.

  4. SCADA implementation based on wireless RF technology. (IEEE-2009).
  5. Method of Measuring Power Quality and Development of Monitor Device (IEEE-2010).

  6. Motor speed monitoring and control system using GSM modem.

  7. A Smart Card Based Prepaid Electricity System.

  8. High voltage fuse blown indicator with Voice based announcement system.

  9. Voice enabled devices switching for visually impaired.

  10. Industrial/power grid electrical parameter Data Acquisition system through wireless technology.

  11. DC Motors speed synchronization for rolling mills.

  12. Touch Screen based digital devices control system. This project is to build a Graphical LCD Touch Screen interface for switching electrical devices. The controlled devices can be of high voltage or low voltage.

  13. Construction of central control unit for Irrigation water pumps. Cost effective method to control entire villagers water pumps with user level authentication. Illiterates friendly system.

  14. Wireless Energy Meter monitoring system with automatic tariff calculation.

  15. Home Network Configuring Scheme for All Electric Appliances Using ZigBee-based Integrated Remote Controller.

  16. Resistive Touch screen controlled contact less speed monitoring and controlling of dc motor with speed limit alerts.

  17. DC Motor Speed and direction control over GSM Mobile/Modem.

  18. Smart Wireless Temperature Data Logger (IEEE-2007)

  19. Energy meter monitoring and control system using SMS technology(IEEE-2007).

  20. Energy meter data logging system with Realtime clock and KWH readings. Very useful for historical data logging and analysis.

  21. Energy meter per-day average, Max and Min Load display on Graphical LCD.

  22. MMC/SD card based data logger for energy meter with time and KWH readings for historical data logging and analysis.

  23. PIR based energy conservation system for corporate Computers and lighting system.

  24. Development of Zigbee based Street Light (IEEE-2008)

  25. Wireless power theft monitoring system and indication at local substations.

  26. Touchscreen controlled lamp dimmer for next generation apartments.

  27. Wireless electrical devices monitoring and controlling system for industrial applications.

  28. Microconroller and Touchscreen controlled motor speed and direction controlling system.

  29. Touchscreen operated industrial oil dispensing system (OIL SCADA).

  30. An On-line Monitoring System of Temperature of Conductors and Fittings Based on GSM SMS and Zigbee(IEEE-2008).

  31. 4-wired resistive touch screen controlled lamp dimmer for next generation apartments with Optical isolation and zero crossing detectors.

  32. Dual (active and standby) Lithium-ion battery charger for continuous non-interrupted power supply to critical loads.

  33. Graphical LCD and Touch Screen based Electrical devices control system.

  34. Implementation of wireless sensors network based industrial temperature monitoring system.

  35. Touchscreen based advanced temperature monitoring and control system with graphical LCD.

  36. GSM based Irrigation Water Pump Controller for Illiterates (No Mobile phone operation knowledge required).

  37. Triac and optically isolated diac based electrical oven temperature monitoring and controlling system with zero-crossing detector.

  38. High power LED based intelligent streetlight controlling system with automatic brightness control with vehicle presence sensor (GSM optional).

  39. Timer based Electrical Oven temperature monitoring and control for Metal Industries.

  40. GSM based SCADA implementation using Microcontroller.

  41. 3-phase irrigation water pump controller for illiterates using dual GSM Modems.
  42. Microcontroller based Substation Monitoring and control.

  43. Microcontroller based Generator/Alternator Control and Monitoring System

  44. Electrical Data (voltage, current, frequency etc...) Logger. The purpose of this project is to log electrical data at remote locations like substations. The data is sensed using various electrical sensors and processed by microcontroller. This processed data is stored in a MMC memory stick connected to the microcontroller board. This data can be downloaded to computer for further processing.

  45. Hall Effect sensor based non-contact Tachometer for electrical motors speed measurement.

  46. Microcontroller based Single phasing preventor.

  47. IR Remote controlled Irrigation water pump controller with single phasing protection.

  48. Microcontroller based Solar Tracker with Stepper Motor Control.

  49. Auto-Credit Energy Metering System using mifare card.

  50. PWM based DC Motor Closed loop Speed Controller.

  51. Frequency Locked Loop (FLL) DC Motor Speed Control

  52. Radio Frequency (RF) based Wireless Control Of DC/Stepper Motor Speed Control.

  53. RF based Wireless Electrical Devices Controller.

  54. Motor Speed Monitoring over GSM Mobile.

  55. Microcontroller based refrigeration control system.

  56. Timer based automatic power cutoff for industrial sealing/packaging machines.

  57. Wireless SCADA.

  58. GSM/Mobile/Cell Phone Based Device Monitoring and Control.

  59. GSM Based Automatic Irrigation Water Controller System

  60. Automatic Intelligent Plant Watering System

  61. IR (Infrared) Remote based Stepper Motor Speed and Direction Controller

  62. RC5 IR Based Remote Device Switching

  63. The Robot that follows the (Infrared) Light

  64. Frequency Locked Loop DC Motor speed monitoring and control system.

  65. Digital Tachometer (Non-contact)

  66. Digital Voltage, Current and Frequency Meter.

  67. SCADA system design and construction for real-time electrical parameter monitoring and control.

  68. Transformer oil temperature monitoring with automatic Circuit Breaker operation.

  69. GSM/Mobile/Cell Phone Based Device Monitoring and Control System.

  70. Substation Fuse blown Indicator.

  71. Mobile phone controlled Street Light monitoring and control system.

  72. UPS battery monitoring system over GSM for high availability systems (banking/finance/medical etc).

  73. DTMF mobile phone controlled dam water gates controlling system with high-level protection.

  74. DC Motor Speed and direction control using RF/IR/Zigbee technologies.

  75. Hazardous chemical valve control system with stepper motor and line of site remote control.

  76. Contact less Motor speed monitoring on Graphical display with high and low speed alerts.

  77. Design and construction of Earth fault relay for single phase power system.

  78. RF transceiver (Zigbee/X-Bee) based energy meter monitoring system. (Energy Meter reading on PC over wireless comm.)

  79. Talking energy (KWH) meter.

  80. Password enabled pre-paid liquid/milk dispensing system.

  81. High voltage fuse blown indicator with display on PC with optical isolation between PC and HV bus bars.

  82. An On-line Monitoring System of Transmission Line Conductor De-icing(IEEE-2008).

Seminar Topics for Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering is a discipline of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity. It deals with the issues associated with large scale electrical systems like motor control and power transmission. Though Electrical Engineering and Electronics Engineering are inter-related, there is a difference between them. Electrical Engineers deal with using electricity and transmit it to energy, where as Electronic Engineers deal with using electricity and process information from it. With the growth of power electronics, it is hard to find the difference between them these days.

Electrical Engineering also covers variety of subtopics that include electronics, electro-magnetism, power, control systems, telecommunications, and signal processing. Here are few seminar topics on Electrical Engineering

  • Surge Current Protection Using Super Conductors
  • Digital Testing of High Voltage Circuit Breakers
  • Modelling of Transformers with Internal Incipient Faults
  • Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS)
  • Condition Based Maintenance of Underground Cable Systems
  • Solar Power Generation
  • Matrix Inversion Generator
  • Compensation of Harmonic Currents Utilizing AHC
  • Narrowband Power line Communication
  • Magneto Hydrodynamic Power Generation Technology (MHD)
  • Liquid Electricity
  • Distribution System Relaying
  • Voltage Sag Analysis
  • Electric Utility Industry
  • Modern Surge Arresters
  • Lightning Protection Zones
  • Power System Contingencies
  • Swarm Intelligence & Traffic Safety
  • Buffer Overflow Attack – Time Transport Protocol in VoIP
  • Magnetic Optical Current Transformer (MOCT)
  • Electromagnetic Bomb
  • Protection of Transmission System by Using the Global Positioning System
  • Information Technology Integration in Electrical Engineering
  • Seasonal Influence on Safety of Substation Grounding
  • Magnetless Motors
  • Alluminium Alloy Conductors
  • Micro Batteries
  • Adaptive Blind Noise Suppression
  • Software Defined Radio
  • Low Memory Color Image Zero Tree Coding
  • Fuzzy Based Washing Machine
  • Guided Missiles
  • Delay Tolerant Networking
  • Real-Time Obstacle Avoidance
  • Psychoacoustics
  • Ultra-Wideband
  • Moletronics – An Invisible Technology
  • Modern Irrigation System Towards Fuzzy
  • Automatic Number Plate Recognition
  • Extended Markup Language
  • Plasma Antennas
  • FinFET Technology
  • Digital Audio’s Final Frontier – Class D Amplifier
  • Mobile Virtual Reality Service
  • Navbelt and Guidicane
  • Voltage Sag Analysis
  • Intrusion Detection With Snort
  • Integration of IT in Machine Tools
  • Wave Power Devices
  • Tsunami Early Warning System
  • Transient Over Voltages in Electrical Distribution System and Suppression
  • Teresstrial Photovoltaics (PVs)
  • Synchronous Voltage Source
  • Super Conducting magnetic Energy Storage Systems
  • Super Conducting Generator
  • Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems in Power Stations
  • Static VAR (Voltage Ampere Reactive) Compensator
  • Striking Radioisotope Generator
  • Solar Ponds
  • Single Phase Neutral Point Clamped AC/shos Convertor with Power Factor
  • Servomotor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Protection of the Closest Margin to Restore Power System Solvability
  • PPTC Devices for Protection of Battery Packs
  • Fault Location in Grounded and High Resistance Grounded Systems
  • Explosive Flux Compression Generator
  • Energy Transmission System for an Artificial Heart – Leakage Inductance Compensation
  • Improving Electrical System Reliability with Infrared Thermography
  • Compensation of Harmonic Currents Utilizing AHC
  • Contact less Energy Transfer System
  • Calorimetric Measuring Systems: Problems & Solutions
  • Electrolytic Hydrogen – A Future Technology For Energy Storage
  • Electric Field Optimization of High Voltage Electrode Based on Neural Network
  • Electrical and Chemical Diagnostics of Transformer Insulation
  • Development of Superconducting Rotating Machines
  • A Technique for On-line Detection of Shorts in Fields of Turbine Generator Rotor
  • Advancements in Inverter Technology for Industrial Applications
  • AC cable verses Shos Cable Transmission for Offshore Wind Farms
  • Microprocessor Based Motor Speed Controller
  • Electric Field Optimization of High Voltage Electrode
  • Condenser Bushing
  • Secured Authentication Using Automated Biometrics
  • High Voltage of Direct Current Transmission
  • High Voltage of Alternate Current Transmission
  • Optical Current Transducer and its Fault Location in Substation
  • Internet Telephony
  • Magnetic Material Used in Static Rotating Machines
  • Neural Networks Application in Induction Motor
  • Vector Control of an Induction Motor
  • Failure of Distribution Transformer
  • Upgrading Generator Protection Using Multiple Replay
  • Effect of Under Frequency on Generating Units
  • HVDC Back to Back Converter and Transformer
  • Bridge Capacitor Bank in EHV System
  • Static Starting Device for Gas Turbine
  • Different Types of Energy Storage Systems
  • Electrical and Electromagnetic Interference
  • Conducting Polymers & Plastic Batteries
  • Biomedical Instruments (EEG)
  • Bone Growth Using Electrical Simulation
  • Losses Reduction System in Power
  • Dust Collection And Scrubing Tech
  • Advanced Less-Flammable Transformer Insulating Fluid
  • Automation of Temperature Rise Test for Switchgear
  • Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS)
  • Operation and Maintenance of Substation
  • Mercury Removal in Coal Burned Power Plants by Electro Catalytic Oxidation
  • 33KV Gas Insulated Switchgear
  • Power Supply for Electrical Traction Drives
  • Position Emission Tomography
  • Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
  • Testing of 3 Phase Induction Motor and Trouble Shooting
  • Maximum Power Point Tracking
  • Power Factor Improvement
  • Field Oriented Control Drives Without Shaft Sensors
  • Direct Torque Control Method for Speed Control of Induction Motor
  • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Its Future
  • Protection Through Switchyard Equipment
  • Different Type of Excitation Scheme on Alternator
  • Static Excitation System for Alternator
  • Automatic Voltage Regulation of Alternator Used in UKAI PP
  • Renewable Energy Source Biomass

Free Magnetic Electricity

There are millions of homes that are suffering from the high cost of electricity. Many individuals are doing all that they can in order to cut down on their electrical costs each month. Even with the many ways that an individual can cutback on their electricity, energy costs continue to rise. High energy cost and a poor economy are sending individuals scrambling to find alternative methods of cutting cost. There are only a few options that are available to an individual. One alternative is to switch to using magnetic energy. Saving money on your residential utilities by using magnetic energy is becoming increasingly popular.

Although its becoming more popular many do not know exactly how we can benefit from residential magnetic electricity. Magnetic electricity is created by the movement of an electric coil in a magnetic field. This process which is also called electromagnetic induction can be produced from the energy of various sources. These energy sources include wind, steam, thermal, geothermal, moving water or hydroelectrical as well as nuclear power plants. A magnetic electrical generator is moved by magnets and are positioned so that they attract and repel one another. This motion is harnessed in order to generate electricity that is continuous.

This free energy is used to generated electrical energy for residential settings. The term free energy refers to the excess energy that is produced than the amount needed to produce motion. Using this type of alternative energy can have a significant affect on an electric bill. Using free energy can in some cases eliminate electricity bills altogether. The concept of creating magnetic electricity can be created on a small scale by anyone. To create a magnet using electricity all you will need is some copper wire that you will strip on both ends. After you strip the ends about an inch you will wrap the coil around a nail.

Make sure the nail is iron and also make sure that the head and tip of the nail are bare. After you have wrapped the coil making sure that the coil is going in the same direction, wrap each end of the wire around one of the battery's terminal. The tip of the nail will begin to pick up objects. Similarly, a small pulse of electricity is created when a magnet's lines cut past a conductor wire. A generator and motor are alike with the exception of it's core which is rotated by water, wind, steam ect..

A pulse of electricity is then created as the rotor rotates and the magnetic field lines cut the conductors. Electricity and magnetism are linked by induction. Passing an electric current through a wire coil will produce a magnetic field within the coil. This happens because of the motion of the electrons along the wire. In a similar fashion passing a magnet inside a coil will cause an electric current. The electromagnetic force caused by the magnet will push the electrons along the circuit. Using free magnetic energy is a great way to go green. This alternative form of energy is extremely earth friendly and can help you save tons of money on your electric bill.


The Benefits Of Led Energy Saving Light Bulbs

In this day and age, it is important to pay attention to our energy consumption. There are so many appliances and electronics that gobble up a lot of electricity. If you pay no heed to the energy you are consuming every day, you could end up paying a huge amount of money for your electricity bill at the end of the month.

One way to start cutting back on costs is to switch to energy saving light bulbs. Just like their name suggests, these light bulbs have been designed to work using minimal energy. Aside from that, most energy efficient light bulbs are surprisingly durable. Most of them can outlast incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, making them a more cost effective lighting option.
One of your vast numbers of energy saving lighting options are LED lights.

Top Benefits Of LED Light Bulb

1. Efficiency
Efficiency is undoubtedly one of the reasons why many people prefer using LED bulbs as their dusk till dawn light bulb. In fact, it is a popular light bulb to install in outdoor spaces or patios to provide the best lighting conditions at night and to prevent accidents and burglary. Since LEDs do not consume a lot of energy, they are used as dusk till dawn light bulbs. Reports say that LED bulbs only consume 2 to 17 watts of energy. That is three times less than the energy consumed by incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps. We have yet to see another kind of lighting fixture that can top the efficiency of LEDs.

2. Highly Durable
When it comes to durability, LED lights are again leading the race by a mile. The overall build of this lighting fixture is 10 times more durable compared to compact fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs. This is why they are reliable as dusk till dawn light bulbs. They can continue to operate in varying temperatures and weather conditions. These bulbs can be exposed to harsh external elements such as smoke, morning dew and UV rays and can still resist the damages these elements can inflict.
Furthermore, these light bulbs do not have a tungsten filament, a primary component of compact fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs. Tungsten filaments tend to burn quickly when energy is driven suddenly into the lamp. Frequent switching on and off of the light will not affect the LED bulbs as much as it will affect incandescent lights. It is also quite immune to bumping and jarring, making this lighting fixture an effective outdoor lighting option.

3. Stays Cool
Perhaps one of their sterling qualities unseen in other lighting fixtures is their ability to remain cool. Unlike their tungsten riddled predecessors, they do not build up heat. Incandescent bulbs tend to absorb and emit heat in the room. In addition to the heat it internally produces, the heat build up can cause the bulb to break down easily. In comparison, LEDs only produce 3.4 British Thermal Units in an hour. That is 20 times less heat build up compared to an incandescent bulb.

4. Eco Friendly
These energy saving light bulbs are devoid of mercury. They do not contain harmful chemicals or gases. With that said, they are ideal for recycling and they do not leave a large environmental footprint.

5. Overall low cost
People tend to shy away from LED lights because of the initial high cost. Most people would rather go for cheap incandescent bulbs. But if we take durability and overall energy consumption into account, LED energy savers still lead the race. Although they might cost a lot of money initially, they can lessen energy consumption so you can save more money in the long run. They do not require a lot of maintenance. They also last for a very long time. Think about how much money you can save by using lighting fixtures built to last.
Furthermore, LEDs do not require high power to function. In fact, they work quite adequately even when solar energy is used. If you are planning on promoting energy efficiency in your home, installing solar panels is the best way to go. Compliment that by switching to LEDs.


Does Building The Fireplace Save On Electricity?

With the troubled economy, it is always vital to find methods to conserve cash. Saving on the gas is difficult in the majority of areas, and that is especially true during the winter months with heating and water bills on the rise.

Houses with chimneys have the option to hold back via wood in place of gas heat, but the numbers might not pan out as you think. When lighting a fire, it takes some hard work when heating the home.

A flue that is unsoiled and creosote free can ventilate out as much as 20% of the hot air that hangs in the room. A miniscule 15 percent of warmth made by any piece of wood warmed is actually warming the household, while the leftover is mere gas that wont make the wanted heat.

Fireplace buyers can make a screen composed of tubes thatll drape around the timber and over them to recycle such warmth produced by the flames.

Fireplace covers can intensify heat efficiency levels also. The iron jackets are made of anti-fire glass opening the fireplace for viewing the flames and simultaneously still keeping warmth in the home.

The covering is installed at the opening during the night time just as a fire has almost exhausted, but is still hot enough to keep the damper open for rising of plumes to leave the house. The jacket must be tight-fitting and seal well round the edges to maintain warmth inside.

Burn harder wood such as birch or maple to produce a slow burning bonfire shat should evenly distribute heat in an efficient manner. Soft lumber such as pine will cause the flames to char unevenly and quicker, stoking a less efficient fire. Dont use green or unseasoned lumber with the fireplace since it will make a major cloud of smoke.

When a fireplace is not being used, close the damper to let the hot air in the home to escape. It takes much longer to warm up the household again, which keeps adding on to the heating bill. Only leave the control open when burning of lumber or when wanting a true circulation to cool the home.

Roughly 85% of warmth produced by any house fireplace that is built according to the usual standards, a masonry sort, goes right out the chimney. Adding a glass insert across the front of the opening will dispose of the warm air escape when fires are not lit. The gates of the opening should stay opened as the fireplace is in use, otherwise the heating created by a fire will be lost.

Even amending doors will not make any more efficient, so much. An insert is the widespread way to increase the warming aspects of those flames. Woodstoves can be put in in place of a fireplace Utilizing a fireplace as a surrounding protector for a stove is a fantastic option. A vent can be exploited to expel any gases and it wont disrupt any places in the home. A fireplace can act as a protector should tiny tikes are in the household and will actually burn wood more efficiently than the unextraordinary fireplace.


Tips On Benefiting From Reasonable Business Electricity Rates

The ever- increasing prices of electricity has grown to be an essential problem for most small and large- sized business enterprises. Simultaneously, every entrepreneur attempts to identify ways to lower business electricity prices. There is no validation regarding anticipating the electricity rates to go down for the need for the same is always high, mainly on part of the commercial firms. Besides finding a trustworthy supplier, one must be aware of a set of aspects, which might turn out useful in reducing electricity rates and contributing to the benefits of your business.

Adequate and justified use of electricity can certainly put an end to much of your worries about the high costs. Flipping off the computers when not being utilized is definitely a significant way of saving electricity expenses. Choosing such modest ways might seem to be of little result by many. One must bear in mind, in this regard, that these particular essential considerations usually have a larger contribution in hitting at lower business electricity rates than any dealers can. Workers usually tend to ignore the need for an optimum utilization of electricity for they think that this high cost rarely affects them. However, greater financial commitment on electricity indicates decreased overall profit for the business, which is definitely undesirable by all.

Accompanied by a rising recognition concerning the higher rates, a number of suppliers enable business enterprises to utilize the smart meters. Smart meters are gadgets that assist in keeping track of the electricity consumption and give the correct quantity of electricity consumed. Owning the kind of equipment in an office offers to make people mindful of when they have to manage electricity consumption. Further, use of high efficiency light bulbs is significantly liked by the establishments for that equally assist in cutting down business electricity prices to a substantial level.

Selecting electricity suppliers is probably the most important thing that companies might take additional care of. The World Wide Web is filled with lots of suppliers proclaiming to give the top deals. The best way of receiving the services of a beneficial supplier is usually to examine their contracts. The contracts they feature should have all the terms and conditions spelt out on them and should be free from any ambiguities. Customized contracts are particularly suitable for the commercial houses that have possibilities of relocating office space. With the assistance of such suppliers and by becoming a little careful about electricity usage, one can successfully strike at affordable business electricity rates.


Cheapest Electricity - Things You Need To Know

As a home owner, it is very possible that you have many ongoing financial commitments at home. And with the existing economic crisis, majority of us are surely doing our best so that we can keep up with our monthly utility bills. Let's be honest, we all want to have the cheapest electricity that we can get. But in this day and age, is it feasible? Well yes of course, but you should also make an effort in order to make it happen. Inexpensive electricity won't come your way naturally. One has to take the correct actions in order to help them to save on their monthly power bills. Below are a few of the measures that one can do in order to minimize their electricity bills.

Some of the things that that you can do in order to get the cheapest electricity is to basically alter some of your household habits. They may be simple adjustments but they make a lot of sense and is surely effective in lowering your power consumption. One such action is to switch off the lights if they are not being utilized. This very easy solution is already common sense for many individuals but somehow they still neglect to do so. You will be amazed at just how an unattended light source can contribute to your regular bills. The same is also relevant to your unused appliances for the home. Be sure that you disconnect them if you are not making use of them or if they are being rarely used. This is good not just for saving money but for safety at the same time.

It is a fact that reducing the usage of appliances and gadgets that consumes a lot of electricity will contribute greatly to your cause. This includes your washers, dryers, air-conditioning utins and even your personal computer. A good example with your computer is to turn off your monitor if you are not using it as it can consume a good deal of power. If you are not planning to use it for extended periods of time, it is better if you totally shut it down.

And finally, you need to verify if you indeed have a good quality electricity connection or not. Should you have an unreliable connection, your efforts in trying to reduce your monthly consumption will serve little to no purpose. With a subpar electricity connection, it won't be surprising if your electricity consumption is far from being efficient. If you suspect that your electricity connection is faulty, then you better have it checked right away. Your electricity supplier may be the one to blame in this case and if that is so, perhaps it is time to choose a different one. For that, research and list down all of your prospects within your area in order to find your prospect.


Electrical Engineering Seminars

Engineering is a very vast field that deals with many subjects through different branches. It is a field that changes every day. New and new inventions and theories are coming each day. The development of mankind leads to many kinds of inventions. Invention of electricity made a huge change in the lifestyle of human beings.

The progress of the mankind can be divided into two sections, i.e. the period before the invention of electricity and period after the invention of electricity. We can witness that the rate of progress of humans is much higher in the period after the invention of electricity. The invention electricity made a new generation.

That much it has contributed to the world. Today we can claim that not only the progress but also the human life in the world is dependent on electricity. Electricity or the stream of charged electrons is the driving force behind the progress of a nation. The study of the electricity, its uses as well as the construction and maintenance of electrical equipments and machines comes under the section of electrical Engineering.
There are a lot of specialization topics in Electrical Engineering. The branch of Electrical Engineering deals with the generation, transmission, maintenance and measurement of Electrical energy and equipments. The progress of a country is dependent on the power sources in the country. It is important to run the power projects in an environment friendly manner. We need to give enough care in preserving the nature. A good Engineer must be committed to the environment. Most of the power sources are perishable and are obtained from nature. It all has to be properly utilized else we need to face a dark age in the near future. It is to be noted that everyone is having the responsibility to the nature.

The students of Electrical Engineering need to do dedicated work in the period of their course to understand the real face of electricity. Electricity is a good friend of humans if utilized properly. If not so it can create great hazards. The proper learning of the core subjects is the important part in Engineer. An Engineer need to exile in his field. Electrical engineering is a very vast branch of Engineering. The electronics branch was initially a part of electrical engineering. In the post graduation levels of M.S and M Tech the streams are innumerable.


The Importance Of Windmill Electricity

Windmill electricity is one of the best renewable sources of energy available today. As we work towards better options to generate electricity, windmill electricity is becoming more popular. Soaring electrical costs are forcing many people to look into alternatives.

The structural components and design of the basic windmill has not changed much over the last few centuries. The major change is that the actual units have been scaled down in size so that they can be used for homes. Every windmill has three large blades that are placed on a long vertical shaft. As wind turns those blades, the power which is stored and generated produces electricity.

Windmill electricity is efficient, renewable and inexpensive. A small wind turbine that has been specifically designed for home use can generate around ten kilowatts of electricity.

The best thing about windmill electricity is that it is free. Wind does not cost anything, and harnessing the power of a natural phenomenon is a really excellent alternative to paying for large electrical bills each month. As our population grows, the demand for electrical energy does as well. This is the main reason why our monthly electrical bills are increasing so much annually.

It is said that the average household will consume around 800 kwh of electrical power each month. A commercial wind turbine can cost upwards of $8,000.00 which does not make it economically feasible for most people. You can; however, create and build your own turbines at home with a very reasonably priced guide.

The components that comprise a basic wind turbine including the blades or turbine, the tower on which they are mounted, a charge controller, deep cycle batteries and a power inverter that converts the power produced to a electrical current.

Some governments provide a cash back incentive if you work towards becoming less dependent on already over taxed electrical suppliers. This alone, can be one very good reason for installing windmill electricity. It is possible, once you have set up your system, to start supplying power back to the grid. If you accomplish this, you will find that your electrical company pays you money.

The average life span of a wind turbine is over 20 years. Whether you decide to build your own turbines or to purchase commercial models, you are making a sound investment. As our dependency on electrical supplies increases, we should be working towards becoming more electrically self-sufficient.


Wednesday, January 4, 2012

Earthing system

In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulations can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supply conductor to earth (ground). If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot" (unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth (e.g., by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.

A protective earth, known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US National Electrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at earth potential. To avoid possible voltage drop no current is allowed to flow in this conductor under normal circumstances, but fault currents will usually trip or blow the fuse or circuit breaker protecting the circuit. A high impedance line-to-ground fault insufficient to trip the overcurrent protection may still trip a residual-current device (ground fault circuit interrupter or GFCI in North America) if one is present.

In contrast, a functional earth connection serves a purpose other than shock protection, and may normally carry current. Examples of devices that use functional earth connections include surge suppressors and electromagnetic interference filters, certain antennas and measurement instruments. But the most important example of a functional earth is the neutral in an electrical supply system. It is a current-carrying conductor connected to earth, often but not always at only one point to avoid earth currents. The NEC calls it a groundED supply conductor to distinguish it from the equipment groundING conductor.

Until the mid 1900s, power outlets generally lacked protective earth terminals. Devices needing an earth connection often used the supply neutral. Some used dedicated ground rods. Many appliances had polarized plugs to maintain a distinction between "live" and "neutral", but using the supply neutral for equipment earthing was highly problematical. "Live" and "neutral" might be accidentally reversed in the outlet or plug, or the neutral-to-earth connection might fail or be improperly installed. Even normal load currents in the neutral might generate hazardous voltage drops. For these reasons, most countries mandated dedicated protective earth connections that are now almost universal.

IEC terminology
International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer):
T
Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra);
I
No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being supplied:
T
Direct connection of a point with earth
N
Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the earth

TN networks
In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.



The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer is called protective earth (PE). The conductor that connects to the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system, is called neutral (N). Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:
TN−S
PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the power source. This arrangement is the current standard for most residential and industrial electric systems in North America and Europe.
TN−C
A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. Rarely used.
TN−C−S
Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and separated in the service head. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations, to reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a similar system in Australia being designated as multiple earthed neutral
(MEN).


TN-S: separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N) conductors from transformer to consuming device, which are not connected together at any point after the building distribution point.



TN-C: combined PE and N conductor all the way from the transformer to the consuming device.

TN-C-S earthing system: combined PEN conductor from transformer to building distribution point, but separate PE and N conductors in fixed indoor wiring and flexible power cords.

It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies from the same transformer. For example, the sheaths on some underground cables corrode and stop providing good earth connections, and so homes where "bad earths" are found get converted to TN-C-S.

TT network
In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.
The big advantage of the TT earthing system is the fact that it is clear of high and low frequency noises that come through the neutral wire from various electrical equipment connected to it. This is why TT has always been preferable for special applications like telecommunication sites that benefit from the interference-free earthing. Also, TT does not have the risk of a broken neutral.
In locations where power is distributed overhead and TT is used, installation earth conductors are not at risk should any overhead distribution conductor be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch.
In pre-RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for general use because of its worse capability of accepting high currents in case of a live-to-PE short circuit (in comparison with TN systems). But as residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing system becomes attractive for premises where all AC power circuits are RCD-protected.
The TT earthing system is used throughout Japan, with RCD units in most industrial settings. This can impose added requirements on variable frequency drives and switched-mode power supplies which often have substantial filters passing high frequency noise to the ground conductor.

IT network
In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor the impedance.


Other terminologies
While the national wiring regulations for buildings of many countries follow the IEC 60364 terminology, in North America (United States and Canada), the term "equipment grounding conductor" refers to equipment grounds and ground wires on branch circuits, and "grounding electrode conductor" is used for conductors bonding an earth ground rod (or similar) to a service panel. "Grounded conductor" is the system "neutral". Australian standards use a modified PME earthing system called Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). The neutral is grounded(earthed) at each consumer service point thereby effectively bringing the netral pd to zero along the whole length of LV lines.

Properties
Cost
TN networks save the cost of a low-impedance earth connection at the site of each consumer. Such a connection (a buried metal structure) is required to provide protective earth in IT and TT systems.
TN-C networks save the cost of an additional conductor needed for separate N and PE connections. However, to mitigate the risk of broken neutrals, special cable types and lots of connections to earth are needed.
TT networks require proper RCD protection.

Fault path impedance
If the fault path between accidentally energized objects and the supply connection has low impedance, the fault current will be so large that the circuit overcurrent protection device (fuse or circuit breaker) will open to clear the ground fault. Where the earthing system does not provide a low-impedance metallic conductor between equipment enclosures and supply return (such as in a TT separately earthed system), fault currents are smaller, and will not necessarily operate the overcurrent protection device. In such case a residual current detector is installed to detect the current leaking to ground and interrupt the circuit.

Safety
In TN, an insulation fault is very likely to lead to a high short-circuit current that will trigger an overcurrent circuit-breaker or fuse and disconnect the L conductors. With TT systems, the earth fault loop impedance can be too high to do this, or too high to do it quickly, so an RCD (or formerly ELCB) is usually employed. The provision of a Residual-current device (RCD) or ELCB to ensure safe disconnection makes these installations EEBAD (Earthed Equipotential Bonding and Automatic Disconnection). Earlier TT installations may lack this important safety feature, allowing the CPC (Circuit Protective Conductor) to become energized for extended periods under fault conditions, which is a real danger.
In TN-S and TT systems (and in TN-C-S beyond the point of the split), a residual-current device can be used as an additional protection. In the absence of any insulation fault in the consumer device, the equation IL1+IL2+IL3+IN = 0 holds, and an RCD can disconnect the supply as soon as this sum reaches a threshold (typically 10-500 mA). An insulation fault between either L or N and PE will trigger an RCD with high probability.
In IT and TN-C networks, residual current devices are far less likely to detect an insulation fault. In a TN-C system, they would also be very vulnerable to unwanted triggering from contact between earth conductors of circuits on different RCDs or with real ground, thus making their use impracticable. Also, RCDs usually isolate the neutral core. Since it is unsafe to do this in a TN-C system, RCDs on TN-C should be wired to only interrupt the live conductor.
In single-ended single-phase systems where the Earth and neutral are combined (TN-C, and the part of TN-C-S systems which uses a combined neutral and earth core), if there is a contact problem in the PEN conductor, then all parts of the earthing system beyond the break will rise to the potential of the L conductor. In an unbalanced multi-phase system, the potential of the earthing system will move towards that of the most loaded live conductor. Therefore, TN-C connections must not go across plug/socket connections or flexible cables, where there is a higher probability of contact problems than with fixed wiring. There is also a risk if a cable is damaged, which can be mitigated by the use of concentric cable construction and/or multiple earth electrodes. Due to the (small) risks of the lost neutral, use of TN-C-S supplies is banned for caravans and boats in the UK, and it is often recommended to make outdoor wiring TT with a separate earth electrode.
In IT systems, a single insulation fault is unlikely to cause dangerous currents to flow through a human body in contact with earth, because no low-impedance circuit exists for such a current to flow. However, a first insulation fault can effectively turn an IT system into a TN system, and then a second insulation fault can lead to dangerous body currents. Worse, in a multi-phase system, if one of the live conductors made contact with earth, it would cause the other phase cores to rise to the phase-phase voltage relative to earth rather than the phase-neutral voltage. IT systems also experience larger transient overvoltages than other systems.
In TN-C and TN-C-S systems, any connection between the combined neutral-and-earth core and the body of the earth could end up carrying significant current under normal conditions, and could carry even more under a broken neutral situation. Therefore, main equipotential bonding conductors must be sized with this in mind; use of TN-C-S is inadvisable in situations such as petrol stations, where there is a combination of lots of buried metalwork and explosive gases.

Electromagnetic compatibility
In TN-S and TT systems, the consumer has a low-noise connection to earth, which does not suffer from the voltage that appears on the N conductor as a result of the return currents and the impedance of that conductor. This is of particular importance with some types of telecommunication and measurement equipment.
In TT systems, each consumer has its own connection to earth, and will not notice any currents that may be caused by other consumers on a shared PE line.