Electrical engineering projects for final year

1. Transformer protection panel

2. Working Model of maglev

3. Maximum power point Tracking

4. Motorised wheel Chair

5. Controller of Electrical Vehicale

6. Deregulation of Energy Sector

7. Cathodic protection

8. Radial Feeder protection

9. PLC Based System

10. Numerical Relay

11. Measurement of electrical parameters

12. Variable Frequency Drive

13. 3 Phase Analayzer

14. Modeling and simulation of Congestion management in transmission sector of deregulated electricity market.

15. Electrical Bicycle

16. Survey of Industries in surat

17. Speed Control of D.C shunt motor using four Quadrant Chopper

18. Speed Control of Separately excited D.C motor using µP

19. Cyclo- converter 1- Phase to 1- Phase

20. Digital Filter Design & it’s Application

21. Computer Aided Power Flow Analysis

22. Microstepping of Unipolar Stepper Motor

23. Speed control of 3 - Phase Induction Motor by V / F method using PWM Technique

24. Measurement of inrush current in Transformer

25. Microprocessor based power factor measurement & control

26. 8085 based Protective Relay

27. Microcontroller based Digital Energy Meter

28. Electronic Power Generator using Transistor

29. Measurement of inrush current in Transformer

30. Microstepping of Unipolar Stepper Motor

31. Computer Aided Power Flow Analysis

32. Speed Control of D.C shunt motor using four Quadrant Chopper

33. Microprocessor based power factor measurement & control

34. Cycloconverter 1- Phase to 1- Phase

35. 8085 based Protective Relay

36. Speed Control of Separately excited D.C motor using µP

37. Microcontroller based Digital Energy Meter

38. Speed control of 3 - Phase Induction Motor by V / F method using PWM Technique

39. Digital Filter Design & it’s Application

40. Electrical Bicycle

41. Survey of Industries in surat

42. Electronic Power Generator using Transistor

43. Solar Tracking System

44. Working Model of Solar Power Plant

45. Speed Control of D.C Motor using D.C Drives

46. Prepaid Card Energy Meter

47. Vector Controlled AC Drive

48. Reciprocating Motora. / C Relay

49. Construction & Design of Three phase 1 H.P Motor

50. Micro-controller based differential protection of Transformer

51. Design Optimization of Three phase squirrel cage Induction Motor

52. Speed Control of D.C Motor using Simulation

53. Micro-controller based Control of any electrical Machine

54. Inverter (MOSFET based)

55. V / F Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor

56. Linear Induction Motor (Design & Performance, Analysis)

57. PLC Based Boiler Control System

58. Microprocessor based Robot

59. Power Factor correction using Microprocessor

60. 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor design

61. 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor design

62. Speed control of dc shunt motor

63. Protection of 3 phase induction motor

64. Speed control of universal motor using microcontroller

65. Computer Aided Design Of Transformer

66. Microprocessor based Power Meter

67. Microprocessor based Speed Control of Induction Motor

68. Data Acquisition System

69. UPS

70. GSM CONTROLLED DOOR LATCH OPENER WITH SECURITY DIALUP WITH CHANGEABLE TELEPHONE NUMBERS (BASED)

71. POWER GRID CONTROL THROUGH PC

72. i.V.R.S. SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

73. RF CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL

74. LOADS

75. Microcontroller Based G.S.M. controlled Switch With Voice

76. Six Channel Petrochemical Fire Monitoring & Control Station

77. Based Token Number Display With Voice & Security

78. Home/Office Security System (Teleguard)

79. IBM PC HDD,FDD,PRINTER SIGNAL INDICATOR AND FAULT LOCATOR CARDS(SET OF THREE CARDS)

80. MINI LCD SCOPE

81. ELECTRONIC EYE BASED

82. ELECTRONIC EYE BASED WITH EVENT LOGGING ON PC

83. Hotel Power Management Through PC

84. µc Based PT- Temperature Controller

85. Microcontroller Based Code Lock With Security Telephone Dialer

86. REAL TIME CHANNEL DATA LOGGER

87. CH DATA LOGGER THROUGH RADIO LINK

88. Load Shedder

89. Home automation Through P.C.

90. inductance , capacitance and frequency meter.

91. PC TO PC LASER COMMUNICATION

92. PC TO PC FIBER- OPTIC COMMUNICATION

93. BILGE OIL WATER SEPARATOR

94. AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX

95. AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF UNMANNED RAIL GATE

96. AUTO-ANSWERING WITH SECURITY DIAL-UP

97. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)

98. heart beat monitor (BASED)

99. INTELLIGENT SAUNA BATH CONTROL SYSTEM

100. REMOTE MONITORING AND ALARM ON PC USING RADIO LINK

101. EIGHT CHANNEL DATA LOGGER CBASED

102. CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MODERN HOUSE

103. PAIN MONITOR

104. PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

105. R.F. CONTROLLED INTELLIGENT ROBOT CAR WITH CORDLESS VIDEO-CAM .SENDS VIDEO & SOUND ON MONITOR/TV CONTINUOUSLY. CAN BE USED FOR SPYING PURPOSE RANGE YARDS RADIAL . BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER

106. PWER HOUSE MONITORING THROUGH RADIO FREQUENCY

107. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING RADIO FREQUENCY ()SUITABLE FOR ROBOTIC ARM (TWO ANGLE)

108. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL FROM PC COM PORT()SUITABLE FOR ROBOTIC ARM (TWO ANGLE)

109. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL THROUGH PUSH SWITCHES()

110. TELEPHONE CALLS LOGGER ( LOGS ALL incoming and outgoing CALLS TO PC)

111. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( SECURITY APPLICATION)

112. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( ROUTE MAP APPLICATION)

113. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( ATTENDANCE REGISTER)

114. HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL THROUGH PC

115. SAFE LANDING SYSTEM

116. BUILD YOUR OWN // PROGRAMMER

117. BUILD YOUR OWN EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT BOARD PC

118. REAL-TIME INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL AND MONITORING USING GSM PHONES

119. LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT

120. LIGHT FOLLOWER ROBOT

121. INFRA RED CONTROL FOR PC

122. DRIVER ALERT

123. CONTACT LESS TECHO GENERATOR

124. HEART BEAT MONITOR WITH WAVE ON LCD(PIC BASED)

125. IR FOLLOWER ROBOT

126. PARKING RADAR

127. MULTI CORE CABLE TESTER

128. KITCHEN TIMER

129. ROOM THERMOMETER

130. DIGITAL LOCK

131. PHOTIC PHONE

132. PIC LCF METER

133. RADIO FREQUENCY REMOTE CONTROL BOARD (CONTROL EIGHT RELAYS)

134. MICROCONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DIAL UP WITH EVENT LOGGING TO PC

135. HOME AUTOMATION USING GSM

136. GSM IVRS

137. AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX WITH VOICE USING

138. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & MONITORING SYSTEM

The electric motor:

Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into kinetic energy of rotation, by the flow of electric currents through magnetic fields.

Electric motors of various types are extremely common objects. It has been estimated that the average affluent household in the Western World utilizes about 60 electric motors, excluding those in the family cars!

Electric motors are basically of two types, those working off direct current, and those working off alternating current.

The principle that a current flowing through a conductor which is placed in a magnetic field results in a mechanical effect, that is the conductor experiences a force, is exploited in electric motors. Note that heat is also produced, so there is never a 100% conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.

In its most basic form, an electric motor consists of a rectangular coil of insulated wire, which makes up the ARMATURE, or moving part of the motor. The COMMUTATOR acts as a current-reversing switch after every half-revolution of the coil.

The brushes serve to make contact between the battery and the rotating commutator, which is mounted on an insulated shaft, not shown in the picture.

When the current is switched on, it flows in opposite directions along the two segments of the coil, generating equal but opposite thrusts, that form a turning couple or torque. This tends to rotate the coil (anticlockwise in the diagram shown above at the left, which shows the combination of current, field and thrust, F.) The momentum of the coil carries it past the point where the current is short-circuited, and beyond that point, the current is reversed in the coil, but the thrusts remain in the same direction, ensuring the continuous rotation of the coil while the current is flowing. The diagram above right shows how Fleming's left-hand rule may be applied to establish the direction of the force, with reference to the wire labelled B, where the current comes out of the plane of the screen. If the direction of the current, or if the poles of the magnet, are reversed, rotation will proceed in the opposite direction.

Simple practical direct current (D.C.) motors can have a permanent magnet to supply the flux. This forms part of the stator of the motor. An armature, wound with many coils of wire, is the rotor. In practice, the motor is designed with a large number of coils, resulting in a smooth rotary motion.

The generator:

When a coil of conducting wire is rotated in a magnetic field, electromagnetic induction results in an induced current flowing through the loop. In this way, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. The device is called a GENERATOR or DYNAMO .
The generator will produce an electromotive force that will vary sinusoidally with the angle made by the coil and the applied field (this is discussed in detail in the topic on Alternating Currents). Thus the direction of the current will vary , and the current so produced is called an ALTERNATING CURRENT. A better name for the device is ALTERNATOR.

If, instead of slip rings, a commutator is used, direct currents may be generated. The current produced by a single coil produces a direct current, in that the polariry of the emf

that is generated remains the same throughout the cycles of revolution. The value of the emf does however change cyclically, as shown in the diagram on the left. Such a situation gives rise to a so-called RIPPLE-CURRENT.

A smoothing out of the ripples is obtained by having two or more coils.
Note that this is analogous to an electric motor: the motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, while the generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generators DO NOT create electricity out of nothing!

Basic Electricity - Electrical Definition

Basic electricity is described in many ways. When an electric circuit flows through a conductor, a magnetic field (or "flux") develops around the conductor. The highest flux density occurs when the conductor is formed into a coil having many turns. In electronics and basic electricity, a coil is usually known as an inductor. If a steady DC current is run through the coil, you would have an electromagnet - a device with the properties of a conventional magnet, except you can turn it on or off by placing a switch in the circuit.

Basic Electrical Theory

There are four basic electrical quantities that we need to know:
Current
Potential Difference (Voltage)
Power
Resistance

Electrical Current

Current is a flow of charge. Each electron carries a charge of 1.6 × 10-19 coulombs. This is far too small to be any use, so we consider electricity to flow in packets called coulombs. When there is a flow of 1 coulomb per second, a current of 1 amp is flowing. Current is measured in ampères, or amps (A).

Potential Difference

Potential difference is often referred to as voltage. There are several ways of defining voltage; the correct physics definition is energy per unit charge, in other words, how big a job of work each lump of charge can do.

Power in a Circuit

Power in a circuit can be worked out using the simple relationship:
Power (W) = Voltage (V) × Current (A)

Electrical Resistance

This is the opposition to the flow of an electric current.
There's reciprocity in the interaction between electron flow and magnetism. If you sweep one pole of a magnet quickly past an electrical conductor (at a right angle to it), a voltage will be momentarily "induced" in the conductor. The polarity of the voltage will depend upon which pole of the magnet you're using, and in which direction it sweeps past the conductor.
This phenomenon becomes more apparent when the conductor is formed into a coil of many turns.

Figure 1 shows a coil mounted close to a magnet that is spinning on a shaft. As the north pole of the magnet sweeps past the coil, a voltage is induced in the coil, and, if there is a "complete" circuit, current will flow. As the south pole of the magnet sweeps past, a voltage of opposite polarity is induced, and current flows in the opposite direction.

This relationship in basic electricity is the fundamental operating principle of a generator. The output, known as alternating current, is the type of power that electric utility companies supply to businesses and homes. A practical generator would likely have two coils mounted on opposite sides of the spinning magnet and wired together in a series connection. Because the coils are in a series, the voltages combine, and the voltage output of the generator will be twice that of each coil.

Figure 2 is a graph of the voltage produced by such a generator as a function of time. Let's assume that this happens to be a 120-volt, 60-Hz generator. The voltage at one point in the cycle momentarily passes through 0 volts, but it's headed for a maximum of 169.7 volts. After that point, the voltage declines, passing through 0 volts, then reverses its polarity, and has a negative "peak" of -169.7 volts.

This curve is known as a sine wave since the voltage at any point is proportional to the sine of the angle of rotation. The magnet is rotating 60 times a second, so the sine wave repeats at the same frequency, making the period of a single cycle one-sixtieth of a second.

Electricity appears in two forms: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Direct current does not change directions-- the electron flow is always from the negative pole to the positive pole-- although as we mentioned before, the electrons themselves don't really "move," it's the holes that are created that "move." Direct current is almost always what is used inside of electronic devices to power the various internal components, but it is a harmful thing in audio signals, which are alternating current. Alternating current does change direction-- standard household electricity is alternating current, because of its flexibility in traveling long distances. It changes direction at a specific frequency-- 60 times per second, or 60 Hz (in the United States, Japan, and a couple of other countries; in Europe the standard is 50 Hz). Audio signals vary their direction-alternation according to the frequency in question.

AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT

Alternating current or AC electricity is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and businesses throughout the world.
While the flow of electrons through a wire in direct current (DC) electricity is continuous in one direction, the current in AC electricity alternates in direction. The back-and-forth motion occurs between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical system of the country.
AC is created by an AC electric generator, which determines the frequency. What is special about AC electricity is that the voltage in can be readily changed, thus making it more suitable for long-distance transmission than DC electricity. But also, AC can employ capacitors and inductors in electronic circuitry, allowing for a wide range of applications.

DC - DIRECT CURRENT

In a direct-current system, it's easy to determine voltage because it is nonvarying or varies slowly over time. You can simply make a measurement with a DC voltmeter. But in an AC circuit, the voltage is constantly changing.

Electrical engineers state the voltage of an AC sine wave as the RMS (root-mean-square), a value equal to the peak value of the sine wave divided by the square root of two, which is approximately 1.414. If you know the RMS voltage, you can multiply it by the square root of two to calculate the peak voltage of the curve. If you were to power a light bulb from 120V(RMS) AC, you would get the same amount of light from the bulb as you would by powering it from 120V DC. Yet another device uses electromagnetic induction: the transformer.

Just as an iron core improves the inductance of a coil, it has the same positive effect in a transformer, and most power transformers are wound on iron cores.
In order to understand how electricity is created and works it is necessary to look at how all matter is structured. All matter is made up of molecules that have a certain number of atoms, for example one molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen giving a symbol of H 2 O. All other matter also has a symbol like this and is made up of atoms.

To be able to understand electricity however, the atom must be broken down even further into a nucleus, electrons and protons. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons that generally balance the number of negatively charged electrons, which are moving around the nucleus in a similar manner to the planets circling the sun.

The outer ring of electrons is called the Valency Shell and the electrons contained in this ring are called Valence Electrons. These are the electrons which are knocked or forced out to form a flow of electricity. If one or more electrons are moved out of the the atom it will leave the atom with more protons than electrons, which means that the atom will be positively charged.

One rule that is very prevalent in all forms of electricity, and also magnetism, is that like charges, or poles, repel and unlike charges, poles, will attract. This means that a positively charged object will attract a negatively charged one, but if both charges are the same then they will repel each other.